Part I- Authentication, authentication experts and references

The conundrum for autograph collectors is how to determine the authenticity of an autograph . This problem has been around for a very long time but has resurfaced in part because of the widespread publicity associated with various Federal ‘sting' operations’ on criminals producing forged sports items. In addition, prior to that, there were the media scandals surrounding the phony Mormon Papers, the forged Hitler Diaries, the phony Japanese Surrender Document and the bogus John Kennedy-Marilyn Monroe marriage contract. All of these episodes involved either fake documents or bogus signatures or both. These events combined with new facts regarding some of the 'authentication' services has heightened mistrust and skepticism of hobbyists( or autographists) so we have set forth some guidance for collectors that will help them develop a more balanced perspective regarding autograph authentication.

The individual mountebanks posing as ‘experts’ who ‘authenticated’ anything for a fee on ebay three or four years ago, are now NOT allowed to authenticate an ebay auction. Although the appearance of ‘experts’ as authenticators started with individuals, now there are, as mentioned previously, authentication ‘services’ some of which even have panels of autograph sub-specialists. However, many of these ‘experts' either have no bona fides or may never actually examine the autograph they supposedly authenticate which is the most plausible explanation for why two well known 'authenticators' misidentified a souvenir German surrender document (see insert left) signed by Admiral Donitz as having been signed by Admiral Nimitz-a mistake for the ages. Also, the buzz among dealers is that many genuine items, some obtained “in person” have been dubbed as “Not Genuine” or “Likely Not Genuine” by various authentication services. Also some items that have been tagged as “Not Genuine” by 'authenticators' were acually purchased from one of the same authenticator or their associates. As a recognized expert in the autograph field has stated many times, "it is people who authenticate autographs and not organizations (companies)." ****Also, very recently a leading eastern dealer/auction house was forced to withdraw a handwritten Reagan letter but only after the forger called and admitted the forgery. The victimized dealer said, "well, you know authenticating autographs is not an exact science." That is the understatement of the century. In addition, if you follow the various web logs and independent web sites you will find that real authorities in autographs have pulled the curtain aside on many of these " Great and Powerful Ozes " and have reported their investigations extensively (References at the End of this post).

Let me now provide a recent example of acouple authentication service. We just discovered a new service that appeared in Texas. They have a very slick web site but notice that nowhere on that site do they list any any of their staff's credentials or who is behind the "service." They show The manuscript Society Logo but do not say whio isamember of The Manuscript Society.

A point that has never been made in print before is that , in almost every case, any authentication of an autograph is an opinion and not a fact. Of course this is also true in other collectibles fields-art, antiques, etc. In other words it is a very unusual case where someone can prove in a scientific sense that any autograph or any other collectible is authentic irrespective of claims to the contrary. The only time one can be certain that an autograph is authentic is if someone signs an item and hands it directly to him/her. But there are also special circumstances outlined in the next paragraph where a technology used to create a fake or forged item can be dated that proves a document bogus. Other than these special circumstances, once again, any authentication in autographs is almost always an opinion and not a fact . Therefore, all so called certificates of authenticity (COAs) should be viewed only as expressing a best opinion that the item that has been examined is authentic.We therefore issue CERTIFIED OPINIONS AS TO AUTHENTICITY AND WE INDEMNIFY THAT OPINION WITH A LIFETIME, FULL REFUND GUARANTEE.

Exceptions to the main point of the foregoing paragraph are a few instances when experienced forensic document experts with vast resources from Federal or other law enforrcement agencies have been able to prove that a document is bogus. To whit: the FBI showed that the supposed marriage contract between Marilyn Monroe and JFK referred to previously was typed on an IBM typewriter that was not invented until after they both were dead and an erasure tape was used that was not available until long after the date of the bogus contract.Several experienced dealers were duped by this fraud but one later testified against those who perpetrated the scam and helped send them to prison. In the case of the Mormon papers, a forensic expert from the FBI using high power examination discovered that the documents had all been hung up to dry at the same angle suggesting that they were all forged. Another recent example of proving documents false was the CBS-RATHER-MAPES Bush National Guard Memo fiasco. Once again, disproving their authenticity was accomplished by demonstrating that the documents were produced by a technology (Microsoft Word) that was not in existence at the time the documents were alleged to have been written. It is interesting in this episode that the clowns involved allowed that, yes, the documents they were touting may in fact not have been real but that we all should believe CBS because they (CBS) believed the story was true. Now there is a standard for journalism excellence if I ever heard one!! This was one of the first examples where a fraudulent activity of a major news organization and its sources was exposed by the web log crowd (the 'bloggers'). (Recently the bloggers have also exposed major news services 'doctoring' their wire service photographs and the beat goes on). So,with the exception of the special circumstance where a technology that can be dated is involved,once again, proving the authenticity a document or autograph or even a photograph may be difficult. And most dealers do not have resources like those of the U.S. government at their command.

So what are the criteria that most dealer-experts use to render their opinion on authenticity? Most dealers have experience or the equivalent of the collective memory of " the mind’s eye." They often know intuitively when something is not right. But, beyond that, the first step for most dealers is to compare any autograph with known examples of the subject’s writing. There are extensive reference books with reproduced examples (exemplars) of the writings of famous people and experienced, reputable dealers have this reference material at their command. Signatures on checks and contracts are especially valuable references for obvious reasons. With the advent of the internet, more and more ‘signature’ studies are being done that detail,especially in the case of U.S. Presidents so the signatures of not only all of his secretary or proxy signers have been documented but also all of the known examples of his printed or autopen signatures are cataloged. These studies appear on the web on a regular basis and some have been published in book form (references below). Second, it is important to know the history of paper making and to make sure that the paper matches the era in which the autograph was written. Again there are good articles and books available on the history of paper making and paper water marking and this history is known to experienced dealers. Third, dealers also pay particular attention to the writing instrument and ink** used to produce the autograph. George Washington could not have employed a ball point pen which was not in widespread use until mid-1940’s nor did old George use a felt tipped pen which first appeared in the 1960’s. Fourth, one can be reassured to some degree if the autograph has been bought and sold several times by reputable dealers or by auction houses that stand behind what they sell as authentic. Fifth, high power magnification will show trace-over signatures and sometimes a pattern of ink application indicating a machine generated signature. Sixth, any reputable dealer has a record of where all his inventory came from-in other words, the dealer's source. Forgers can never produce a ‘source’ that can be checked. This is a key point.WE HAVE A RECORD OF THE ORIGIN (SOURCE) OF EVERY ITEM WE HAVE EVER SOLD. Seventh, beware of dealers selling primarily cut signatures on small scraps of paper at bargain prices. An upper Midwest dealerknow for selling questionable cut signatures just bought a large archive of old documents with no historical value at auction-??for the paper.( BTW-Since this article was first written this character has even been tossed off ebay) These characters, like all psychopaths, think legitimate dealers do not notice such things. Many of these forgeries of one sort or another are found all over ebay.Eighth, look for supporting material such an envelope of transmittal that may accompany any letter. And, finally, reputable dealers have one thing that sustains them and that is their reputation and most good dealers offer an open-ended, money back guarantee that everything they sell is authentic. EVERYONE MAKES AN OCCASIONAL MISTAKE OR, DESPITE BEST INTENTIONS, MISSES A FORGERY. THE QUESTION IS, WILL THE DEALER OR AUCTION HOUSE STAND BEHIND WHAT THEY SELL AND NOT HIDE BEHIND AN AUTHENTICATOR???

In addition to the basics mentioned previously herein there are certain categories of autographs that are either more likely to be authentic and others that are more frequently forged. For example, certain documents like the standard ship’s papers signed by the early presidents, the Military Commissions of Lincoln and early documents like Revolutionary War Discharge Certificates by Washington are all authentic. However, cut signatures without a contiguous example of writing are probably one of the most likely types of autographs to be forged-especially signatures of modern celebrities and, recently, Lincoln cuts. Here again, the experience of a dealer is very important in sorting out the real ones from the fakes. That is why free franks are preferred when looking for signatures although attempts at forging free franks before there were postmarks has been reported. Of course, many dealers shy away from modern sports and Hollywood material unless it is obtained by a company at an in-person signing and backed up by a hologram or some such device. In addition to the basics, most experts draw on a wealth of experience that is part of the ‘unpublished’ knowledge about how certain historical personages signed or did not sign. Dealers have been reluctant to set forth this type of nuanced information because it is the expertise they employ to detect forgeries. For example, certain personalities almost always signed on the darkest part of a photograph rather in a light area where their signature would be seen more clearly and thus was more easily copied. Further, dealers know that some presidents, e.g. JFK and LBJ almost never signed anything during their political careers: they used proxy signers ,secretaries or autopens to sign for them.

The autopen is a mechanical device (See illustration) that is the bane of the autograph collector. It is a mechanical device that, using a genuine signature as a template, mechanically signs documents or photos all with identical signatures. The problem is most individuals, like a president for example, have multiple autopen templates which make detecting them more difficult. The autopen has been used by people you might not think would need to do so like, for example, Wernher von Braun while he was at Huntsville, as well as our presidents or other celebrities who simply cannot answer all autograph requests. And, recently it was rteported that Albert Einstein had an autopen to sign checks. This is a major new discovery in the field. (ref:autographalert.com). Dealers and collectors have worked assiduously to detect and document autopen patterns of everyone from the astronauts to those of our presidents. These studies often appear in the publications of the major autograph clubs that any collector can join or on the internet on sites referenced at the end of this article. Again, there is a rather extensive literature on the autopen and reputable dealers are familiar with this problem and many have autopen archives. Modern forgers have gone to great lengths using photographic and other image reproducing techniques such as screen printing to create forgeries.Some of these techniques have been enumerated on the web site http://www.autographalert. These reproductions abound on ebay. One infamous dealer was even detected buying an autopen machine as well as old typewriters on ebay. People are still buying from this dubious character. Although many of the early forgeries by Spring and Cosey, two famous forgers of a bygone era, have now been removed from the market, they still appear on occasion. For example a well known dealer recently sold a Spring forgery of a George Washington signature and the client consulted another dealer for verification of authenticity who recognized Spring’s characteristic work. However, it is now more difficult to create forgeries of founding Americans because of the unavailability of period paper and period ink.There is an excellent historical review of famous forgers in the first part of a recent article posted on autographalert.com ## But one venue for special attention is ebay. I do not know what percentage of autographs on ebay are authentic but we can state unequivocally that a very large number are bogus. And, as of the time this was written, PSA/DNA has the ultimate decision on authenticity on ebay. The scoundrels selling bogus material often maintain a favorable feedback profile by immediately returning the buyer’s money if there is a complaint. But, more regarding autograph auctions in Part II of this series.

NEW-Harry Truman once said, "The only the only thing that is new is the history you do not know." Thomas Jefferson first acquired a letter-copying device, the forfather of the modern autopen?,which he called "the finest invention of the present age" in 1804. It was invented by English-born John Isaac Hawkins, who gave it the name "polygraph." Based on the principles of the pantograph it had two or more pens that were moved simultaneously by the writer's hand, making a duplicate copy or copies strikingly like the original. Hawkins assigned the American rights to the polygraph to artist and museum director Charles Willson Peale a lifelong friend of Jefferson, who began production of the device, making additional improvements to it. Jefferson, who used only the two-pen models, received his first polygraph in March of 1804, soon returning it for another. He bought a second one for use at Monticello and regularly exchanged his machines for new ones, as Peale continued to perfect the design. In 1804 Jefferson abandoned his copying press and for the rest of his life used exclusively the polygraph for duplicating his correspondence. A new book summarizesthe details of Jefferson's polygraph and details how collectors can tell an original hand written letter from a polygraph copy.*****Two of his polygraphs survive, one in the American Philosophical Society, and the other, is on display at Monticello.

There is a new wrinkle to the machine-generated signature. It is claimed that Margaret Atwood of Canadian sci-fi literary fame has invented a robotic device (Called The Long Pen) that allows her to sign remotely. Conceptually we imagine that the device may operate like the da Vinci Robotic Surgery System that surgeons now use to do various kinds of surgery remotely and which is manufactured by Intuitive Surgical (Ticker symbol ISRG).There is a video showing this machine in operation- links to a discussion of the Atwood device and the video-

http://www.unotchit.com/

http://www.therawfeed.com/2006/02/invention-enables-signatures-from.html

NEW-The implications of this device for the field are obvious. It is already gaining popularity as detailed on the aforementioned web site (untouchit). The appeal for authors is that it obviates the need for book tours since they can do signings anywhere in the world fromn the comfort of home.As we pointed out in a recently published article this machine produces a signature that is not an authentic autograph and, unlike the autopen, it requires participation by the signer. The virtual signature (and inscription) we have dubbed a ROBOGRAPH since it is produced by a robotic device.

NEW- Recently a relatively new technology to this field has been touted as being useful to authenticate autographs.I am referring to the VSC4plus apparatus made by the Foster & Freeman Company (source info in References). This machine was developed originally to detect alterations in official government or legal documents and is used by forensic document examiners.This machine allows high power examination of a document and, in addition, the document and the writing thereon can be transilluminated with various light sources including UV and infrared. Ink fluoresces based on the chemical content and sometimes different inks respond diffrently to the same light source so you often can tell whether more than one ink has been used. Even ink from different batches from the same manufacturer may fluoresce differently. Because of the ability to magnify greatly any autograph the technology may detect trace-overs, alterations of writings, writing that has been crossed out by magic markers or ink (in a sense you can see through the cross out) and it often will, as mentioned previously, detect whether more than one type of ink has been used to create the writing. Further, the toner of copying machines, which is carbon black, does not fluoresce like ink so the machine can distinguish some modern copying technologies from ink on paper. And, finally, the machine can detect impressions of writing that was done on an overlying page that is not visible to the naked eye. A few autograph experts argue that, under the best of circumstances, this technology might serve as an adjunct in the authentication process in some cases. And the same individuals claim right now it certainly will not provide a simple, stand alone 'eureka'- type answer as to whether an autograph is authentic in most cases and we agree with that point. After reviewing all aspects of this machine with several individuals who use it and after talking with and gaining input from John Reznikoff of University Archives who also has experience with the technology, it is our impression that eventually this machine may have some applications in our field. However, for now, because of the expense that would be incurred in purchasing this technology, a good high power magnifying lens and a Wood's (UV) or black light are much less expensive alternatives for the average dealer. Eventually a study by an independent investigator will have to be done to compare the usefulness of the machine with that of a loop and uv light in autograph authentication to determine whether this technology will, based on the cost to benefit ratio, become a vital part of autograph authentication.

A couple of concluding points: despite the fact that the forgers are knowingly breaking the law, most of the petty crooks have little risk of being either caught or prosecuted. Law enforcement in this country is rather fully occupied trying to keep the Islamofascists from killing more Americans. And lawsuits, unless they involve very large financial rewards, are a waste of time. The winners in almost every case-lawyers. Therefore it is best to avoid the circumstances that lead to litigation and protect yourself-it is more economic and more efficient.

So, in the final analysis, what is a collector to do? First educate yourself using some of the references that follows and by reading the literature such as it is in the field to the extent time allows. The publications of The Manuscript Society, UACC and some of the summary articles in Autograph Collector Magazine should be read regularly by the serious collector. Also, some of the key reference books are listed herein under References at the end of this article: and the books of course will provide additional references. Second, deal with a reputable, experienced dealer. This advice appears to be self-serving but it is the best advice any collector can receive and they disregard it at their peril- the electric fence awaits so to speak. Always buy not only the best things you can afford but also items that have a good provenance or chain of ownership that can be documented. Check and double check so-called ‘cut signatures’ and, when buying them, buy only from a reliable dealer-expert. When evaluating a dealer, ask to see one or two catalogs (past or present) or, these days, spend some time on their web site. Good dealers offer a breadth and depth of material that conveys a sense of quality and authenticity that will be evident to the discerning collector.Reputable dealers usually belong to several professional societies and those societies can be contacted to see if there are any outstanding complaints against a given dealer. Make certain of the return policy of any dealer should a question of authenticity arise. Also, determine in advance how such disputes will be adjudicated.

Most collectors have a field of interest and that field should be chosen carefully. If a collector has an option, they should collect those items that have a history of being authentic over the years such as, for example, Lincoln military commissions, early presidents of the U.S. or like items as mentioned previously. Finally, familiarize yourself in detail with the nomenclature of the field (See Appendix). The complete argot of the field can be found in most dealer catalogs or in reference books and collectors need to know the nomenclature of the field to be sure they know precisely what they are buying. There is no easy way to authenticate autographs and most certificates of authenticity are worthless. Anyone who tells you otherwise is being less than forthright.

One final point for collectors: Make liberal use of any local or regional historical society, any regional library with a manuscript collection or Presidential Libraries in your region if you have questions. Most archivists in these institutions are helpful to serious students and collectors. The American Society of Archivists (Find on Google) is also a good resource.

Update 5/24/07. Collectors need to keep up to date with respect to evolving information in this field. Information about newer techniques of forgery, new technology to examine manuscripts and new discoveries about mechanical and proxy signers are appearing on a regular basis.THE REFERENCES IN THIS ARTICLE SHOULD HELP keep collectors and dealers up to date.

## The first part of this article is an excellent historical review of well known American forgers appears in a recent posting on autographalert.com.

**It is not practical under most circumstances for autograph dealers to get involved in analyzing ink chemically. There are only about a dozen or so ink chemists in this country and their fees are prohibitive.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Much of the material and many of the concepts represented herein are original with the History Buff but this article also draws on many other sources most of which are referenced.In addition, several colleagues were kind enough to review and provide input into what became the final draft of this article:we thank them all.

PART II OF THIS SERIES WILL DEAL WITH THE AUTOGRAPH AUCTION MARKET

Book---Forging History - the Detection of Fake Letters and Documents-Kenneth Rendell

Book---American Autographs Published 1983 U of OK Press Norman- Charles Hamilton(a classic and very difficult to find).

Book-American Signatures-Charles Hamilton-more reradily available.

Book---Fakes and Forgeries-Charles Hamilton

Book---The Robot that Helped to Make a President. By Charles Hamilton, New York, 1965.

Book--Autographs and Manuscripts: A Collector's Manual. Edited by Edmund Berkeley, Jr., The Manuscript Society, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1978.

Book- *****Thomas Jefferson's Invisible Hand by Stephen Koschal and Andreas Wiemer, 2007.Privately Printed.

Articles- Steve Koschal in Authentication Section, Baseball Collectors Digest, , pages 30-36 December 23, 2005

Article --The Universal Autograph Collector Club's Study of Machine Signed Signatures.
By Paul Carr, U.A.C.C., ca. 1984.

Article--The Manuscript Society Criteria for Describing Manuscripts and Documents, Editied by Norman Boas, 1990.

Web Site:Astronaut Autopens- http://www.edgeofdarkness.com/astroautopens/

Web Site: http://www.isitreal.com/

Web Site--http://www.richardsimonsports.com/authentication.htm

Web Site: www.autographalert.com

Book---The Sanders Price Guide to Autographs, Ed. Saffro, Smith and Shaw, Sixth Edition (very rough Guide to prices in an ever changing market).

Book---From the President’s Pen, Miner and Verjalik, State House Press. Austin TX

Book---The History of Collecting Executive Mansion White House and The White House Cards, Lynne E. Keyes and Stephen Koschal, 2005, Privately Printed-obtainable from the authors.

Technology-VSC4plus technology:Foster & Freeman Co-Tel. (888) 445- 5048. Cost of VSC4plus-24-27K.

Abbreviations used in manuscript/autograph field:

A: As a code letter it is used as the adjective autographed.
S: The name of a person written in his own hand when used alone. It means signed, when used with another code letter (e.g. LS = letter signed).
MsS: Manuscript signed (text in the hand of another person; signature in the hand of the author).
AMsS: Autographed manuscript signed (entirely in the hand of the author).
TMsS: Typewritten manuscript signed (signature in the hand of the author).
AMs: Autographed manuscript unsigned (in the hand of the author).
Since manuscript may mean handwritten or typewritten, for these criteria MsS is defined as being written by another but signed by the author. An autographed or typed manuscript is so indicated ( AMsS & TMsS) If a manuscript is printed or partly printed, this notation may be entered before the code (e.g. printed MsS). The codes MsLS and MsDS are frequently used by dealers but do not distinguish between handwritten and typewritten pieces, unless of course the letter or document was created before the invention of the typewriter. This use of Ms is discouraged.
ALS: Autographed letter signed (entirely in the hand of the author).
TLS: Typewritten letter signed (signature in the hand of the author).
AL: Autographed letter unsigned (in the hand of the author).
LS: Letter signed (text in the hand of another person; signature in the hand of the author). With these criteria LS means a letter written in the hand of another but signed by the author, as opposed to a typewritten letter (TLS). If the letter is printed, it should be spelled out (e.g. printed LS). At times letters bear printed, rubber or steel stamped signatures, but more often they are signed by secretaries. These are referred to as "secretarial letters" and should be so indicated in any description.As mentioned inn the authentication primer, for over thirty years it has become the common practice of presidents, movie stars and other celebrities besieged with autograph requests, to respond with signatures, signed photos or letters signed by an Autopen or other letter-writing machines. These are mechanical devices, which reproduce the signatures or even entire letters. A copy of the authentic writing is transferred to a matrix (an inscribed plate). A tracing arm, guided by a pin passing over the inscribed matrix, is attached to any writing instrument that is desired (felt tip, ball point and ink discharging pens, pencils, crayons, etc.). The writing instrument makes a copy of the autograph on the desired medium. Since these recording devices are very sensitive, the signatures often exhibit faintly wiggly lines, a quick giveaway. A legal test of this practice has not been made. Since Autopen signatures are invariably authorized by the author, it has been said that they are as valid as if signed in person. On the other hand, in the wrong hands, illegally fabricated documents could easily be produced. In describing manuscripts and letters, mechanically-produced signatures must always be identified as such..
ANS: Autographed note signed. A very brief message (entirely in the hand of the author).
TNS: Typewritten note signed (signature in the hand of the author). Notes are brief and usually quick forms of communication, by-passing the formality of whole letters. They may be in the form of reminders, making appointments, instructions attached to documents or used for a multitude of other purposes. At times there is no sharp distinction between a note or a brief letter. In the absence of a salutation or complimentary closing, the piece would more likely be defined as a note. Postcards fall into the category of notes vs. letters. Some have recommended the code PC for postcard or C for card. The Manuscript Society Criteria does not, as these letters tend confuse terminology already in place. The words card or postcard should be spelled out in any description of their use.
AES: Autographed endorsement signed (an endorsement on another person's letter or document entirely in the hand of the endorser). Endorsement literally means "to put on the back." The most common examples are signatures on the back of checks. They are seen on other "responses" to a document or letter received. These may include receipts on invoices or promissory notes, sheriff's notations of executed writs or summonses, notarized certificates as well as many other types of acknowledgments or comments. Endorsed documents or letters are usually passed on to another party, often a higher authority. The most famous endorsements are those of Abraham Lincoln. On hundreds of occasions he received letters or notes, which required a response. Rather than write a whole letter, he would write a note on the original letter, forwarding it to others, usually the military. This was also a common practice of the military in issuing orders on a single document, often endorsed by a number of officers. Another form of endorsement is the docket. In the days before modern file cabinets, letters received were folded twice, creating a folded letter measuring ca. 8" x 3.5". They were filed vertically in wooden boxes or other file drawers. As a means of identifying the letter at a later date, a docket or endorsement was written at the top of the folded letter, facing the reader. It included the name of the sender, date and often a note about the contents.
AQS: Autographed quotation signed (entirely in the hand of the author).
TQS: Typewritten quotation signed (signature in the hand of the author).
A quotation is a recitation or copy of a previously written passage or text. Authors often copy passages from their books or poems and sign them as souvenirs for their devotees. They may be handwritten, typewritten or printed, as was frequently the case with the poet Edwin Markham. If handwritten they may be referred to as fair copies. The author may also keep a copy of his entire manuscript for his own files. These are referred to as retained or clean copies. A clean copy may also be produced for the printer for the purpose of typesetting.
DS: Document signed (text in the hand of another person; signature in the hand of the author).
ADS: Autographed document signed (entirely in the hand of the author).
TDS: Typewritten document signed (signature in the hand of the author).
MuQS: Musical quotation signed. An excerpt from a musical score (in the hand of another person; signature in the hand of the composer).
AMuQS: Autographed musical quotation signed. An excerpt from a musical score (entirely in the hand of the composer).
AMuQ: Autographed musical quotation unsigned. An excerpt from a musical score (in the hand of the composer).
AMuDS: Autographed musical document signed (musical score entirely in the hand of the composer and signed).
MuDS: Musical document signed (printed or in the hand of another person; signature in the hand of the composer).
Autographed musical material is a highly desirable format for collectors. It is the expression of the specialty of the composer, much as fair copies of poems, signed baseballs and signed books are expressions of the expertise of their signers. Original musical scores are generally quite scarce, but signed musical quotations as souvenirs have been fairly common during the last century. Examples might include several bars of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" by John Philip Sousa, a few bars of a piano piece by Franz Liszt or a few bars from "Sing, Sing, Sing" by Louis Prima.
PS OR SP: Photograph signed (in the hand of the subject).
IPS OR ISP: Inscribed photograph signed (dedication and signature in hand of the subject).
To conform with all of the previous codes noted above, it has been recommended in The Manuscript Society Criteria that "PS" and "IPS" be used instead of "SP" and "IPS," similar to current European usage and more consistent with the placement of the "S" in the other codes. Occasionally the inscription is in a hand other than the author. This should be noted. Photographs are a highly desirable way of collecting and displaying autographs. They give a sense of animation and reality to the signature. Original photographs signed by the photographer are generally very scarce and highly desirable. Such would be the case with photographs made by Matthew Brady, Edward Steichen, Ansel Adams and others.
FDC: First day cover (postal cover canceled on the first day stamp is issued). There are some collectors who collect only signed first day covers. Theirs is a marriage between philatelic and autograph collecting. Addressed or unaddressed FDC's are often signed by celebrities on the address portion. The celebrity is usually connected in some way with the image on the stamp or cachet on the cover. A good example is an "Inauguration Cover", dated on the day of inauguration and signed by the President of the United States or his vice president. A cover might include a famous artist such as Norman Rockwell, a military man such as General Douglas MacArthur or celebrities in scores of other categories.

FF : Free Franks. Free franks especially by Presidents of te United States are collected by both autograph collectors and stamp collectors (philatelists).
n.d.: No date.
n.y.: No year.
n.p.: No place.
p: Page - a single side of a leaf or one of the leaves of a book. In the manuscript field it generally refers to sides of a leaf.
Pp: Pages.